Libraries Gained Libraries Lost

This article was written several years ago. Since then the islands have had to deal with a large number of powerful hurricanes. Hurricane Irma dealt a devastating blow to the Library on St. Maarten to the extent that while recognizing the fact that the Library was established 95 years ago in fact there is no library. A sad case. And I sincerely hope that an effort will be made to restore the library as soon as possible so that ninety five years of serving the island community will not be lost or have been in vain.
Libraries gained, Libraries lost?
By: Will Johnson
In the Catholic newspaper the ” Amigoe” of Monday, April 23rd, 1945, there is an article giving a description of the Libraries then existing in the Dutch Windward Islands and their histories.
This article was written by Dr. Johan Hartog who many years later also published a small booklet on the history of the libraries of the six Dutch Caribbean islands.
With the change in reading habits, based on all the new technologies such as the Internet, predictions are that traditional Libraries and even printed books will disappear. And so before these predictions come to pass, I thought that I should write something about how things were in the past.
There were always some private Libraries on plantations on St. Eustatius and St. Maarten starting in the seventeen hundreds. These were few and far between however and the number of books in these private Libraries was very limited. For that period a Library of 100 books would have been considered quite large. By comparison my private Library of over two thousand books would seem enormous by the standards of the time. One must also remember that, few people could read and write back then and the struggle for survival had every priority. On Saba in 1790 out of a population of some 1500 only 5 people could read and write. At the same time our closest neighbor the island of St. Eustatius had it’s own printed newspaper “the St. Eustatius Gazette”, so that there was a considerable reading public there compared to Saba. I must say though that in doing research on our Island Secretaries of the past, today only teachers like Mr. Frank Hassell and Mr. Franklin Wilsons handwriting can match the handwriting of the old Island Secretaries Mr. Charles Winfield or Mr. Hercules Hassell. The islands Commanders such as the old pirate Capt. Edward Beaks and his son-in-law Lt. Governor Moses Leverock also had excellent handwritings. In the case of Commander Beaks since the Dutch Government did not pay him a salary he assumed that he could use his schooner as a pirate ship in order to put bread on the family table. His nephew Capt. Hiram Beaks who coined the phrase ” Dead men tell no tales” took the old schooner all the way into the Mediterranean in search of loot to bring back home.
My love of books goes back to 1948 in the old library in Windward side in the upstairs of a building belonging to Mr. Stanley Johnson. Miss Marguerite Hassell was the Librarian. She ran the place like a field Marshall and was the special guardian of books not considered suitable to be read by a little boy like me. But despite her vigilance I did get to read all of Zane Grays books on the cowboys of the Western United States.Also, all of Edgar Rice Burroughs books on “Tarzan of the Apes” as well as the “Hardy Boys” by Franklin W. Dickson (a pen name used by various authors to write the series). My grandmother Agnes Simmons who could not write but who somehow had taught herself to read, loved “Nancy Drew” and “Grace Livingston Hill” romance stories. Since she believed that if anything was written in a book it had to be true, she was always heaping.
scorn on unfaithful women, and so through her I also learned a bit from the romance stories which Miss Marguerite deemed unfit for a little boy like me to be exposed to. I can still hear my grandmother referring to ” that good for nothing” or ” she got no shame” and knowing that it was not a neighbor but a character from one of her books. Too bad she died many years before “Facebook” as I would have liked to hear her take on some of the melee being posted there.
I am now reading a list of the 1001 books you should read before you die. I am amazed at how many of the recommended classical books I have already read. Today is the 200th celebration of the birth of Charles Dickens, and at a tender age I had read many of his books. Additionally, I have read many Dutch books and still do. Even when still a teenager (18) when I started working at the old Courthouse on St. Maarten in between the bull-fights and other partying I found time to read. I found a photograph of me in my room at Capt. Hodges Guesthouse reading a book with some books on a bookshelf above my bed.
In the 1945 article of Dr. Hartog he provides us with an insight into the libraries of the three islands which were established less than 100 years ago and by the way reading habits are changing may not even reach their 100th anniversary (2022).
Dr. Hartog writes; “Our Kingdom knows many languages one of which is English of our Dutch Windward Islands.(In 1945, Indonesia and Surinam were still colonies of Holland.) All three islands have their own Libraries. The library on St. Maarten the “Jubilee Library” was the worst off in 1945. It had been established in 1923 on the 25th anniversary of the ascension of Her majesty Queen Wilhelmina to the Dutch throne. The library had vegetated for some time, but got a rebirth in 1936 under the energetic Adriaan van Meteren.The library was opened in the evenings on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday and according to Dr. Hartog ” Miss Rosa de Weever must be admired for giving her free time to this exceptional cultural work of a library. The subsidy from government is fls.250. –(not per month but per year). The other income is from the 25 to 30 members who each pay 1 guilder per quarter. In 1957 the subsidy to the Library on St. Maarten was f. 800. — per year. In 1959 the library had around 1150 English novels, 100 Dutch novels and 250 general knowledge books for the most part very old. In 1959 there were fifty members, who together borrowed around 900 books (18 per member). Every few years the library had to move go a new location. Dr. Hartog claims that since 1945 he had found the library in a new location each time he visited.
On St. Eustatius there is the Gertrude Judson Library. This library in 1945 was located in a spacious upper room in a building owned by the Brouwer /Lampe family. The library was established in 1922 thanks to an initiative of the then Vice Lt. Governor Benjamin Irving Mussenden who later on became Inspector of Taxes on Curacao. In 1919 already when Mr. Mussenden had Mr. C. Grand Pierre as a guest, Mr. Mussenden told him that he was looking into the possibility of starting a library. Mr. Grand Pierre knew some gentlemen from the New York public library and they sent two boxes of books. He also knew the daughter of the President of the University of Chicago, Mrs. Gertrude Schachner -Judson who donated a substantial number of books and the library was named in her honor. In 1945 Mrs. Schachner was already deceased but it was recognized with her donation that the library on St. Eustatius was not only the first in the history of the Dutch Windward Islands, but also the best. Efforts by Prof. Dr. Josselin de Jong in May of 1903 to also get Dutch books for this splendid library remained without results. In 1945 the library was a well-respected establishment under the Chairmanship of Miss Ida Pandt. The librarian was Miss Ada Southern. The government subsidy was fls. 200.– per year and the contributions per member consisted of three classes, five of ten guilders, four of five guilders and sixteen of two guilders and fifty cents.
In 1959, Dr. Hartog wrote that when one entered the library in the evenings, with it lit up by paraffin lamps, and with a collection of mostly antique books one would believe they were walking into the previous century. At that time the library had 2900 books, of which 1750 were principally English popular novels, 900 popular scientific books and 200 children’s books. Additionally, a certain quantity of weekly illustrated magazines and some popular scientific magazines were available. In 1958 some 32 members had read 1100 books or 34 per member.
Saba with the lowest subsidy had two libraries in 1957. The Queen Wilhelmina library in The Bottom was situated downstairs in the government guesthouse and the library was started in 1923. The branch in Winward side was started in 1932. The library and her branch in 1944in Windward side and the main library in The Bottom only had 2 members. Vice Lt. Governor Mr. Charles E.W. Voges after his appointment in August 1948 actively promoted the use of the library and within short The Bottom had 25 members and on October 18th 1948 a new branch was opened in Windward Side.
In 1959 The Bottom library had 1300 books among which 1100 English novels and 100 Dutch novels. From 1953 to 1958 an average of 640 books per year were loaned out. The branch in Windward side had around 1800 books among which 1300 English Novels, 400 children’s books and 100 Dutch novels as well as popular science magazines. The 40 members read yearly 2400 books or an average of 60 books per member. The total population of Saba (about 1000 persons) in 1959 read 3040 books. This at the time was a record for the Netherlands Antilles. Based on statistics at the time Sabans read ten times as many books as Bonaireans. Of course, that had to do with the fact that Sabans spoke English as a mother tongue and there are so many books available to them because of that fact.
Over the years the libraries in the three islands have expanded with the enormous growth of the population. Besides the public libraries the Medical schools and other institutions of higher learning have their own, sometimes extensive libraries. However traditional libraries, newspapers, books and magazines are expected to go into a rapid decline because of the Internet. While Facebook may have its short comings, I am happy to see how many people now write and read on Facebook. While we are not looking forward to the demise of the traditional libraries, one cannot ignore what is taking place. It is left to be seen if in the year 2022, one hundred years after the first library was established on St. Eustatius if our libraries as we have known them up to now will still be around with people still borrowing paper books and carrying them home to read.



